JNeuropsychiatry

Depression in women during their childbearing years is common. Routine depression screening coupled with multidisciplinary collaborative care models integrating case management is paramount. Risk factors for perinatal depression include previous history of depression, interpersonal conflict and limited social support. Antenatal depression may lead to poor pregnancy outcomes, such as pre-eclampsia, insufficient weight gain, decreased compliance with prenatal care and premature labor, and continue into postpartum depression, which in turn pose a risk for mother–infant bonding and subsequent child socioemotional development. Currently available literature suggests that overall, the risks of antidepressant use in pregnancy/lactation are small relative to the risks due to maternal untreated illness itself; however, for decision-making, careful individualized risk–benefit analysis and informed consent from the affected patient are crucial. Current guidelines suggest nonpharmacological treat...

Objectives: Personality abnormalities appear to be related to the cognitive deficits in patients with chronic schizophrenia. However, few studies have explicitly addressed the nature of the association through a longitudinal design. Method: Twenty-five patients with schizophrenia and age-matched with 25 healthy individuals were recruited into the study. Each participant received the big five inventory (Mini-Marker), and neuropsychological tests (WCST, go/ no go task). A follow-up was conducted three years later, and participants were asked to complete the same set of neuropsychological tests. Results: Correlation analysis showed that neuroticism was positively correlated with total response errors and negatively correlated with total categories completed of WCST in schizophrenia (r=0.41, p<0.05; r=-0.43, p<0.05, respectively). Conscientiousness was positively associated with the median reaction time in the go/ no go task (r=0.44, p<0.05). At baseline, the healthy g...

The present study focuses on the type of parenting style used by the parents who were undergoing different level of stress when dealing with children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. A total number 320 Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (CWASD), from two major cities of northern India were purposely selected for the study. Out of which most of the respondents were mothers (75%) and only 25% respondents were fathers. Two questionnaires (Parenting style Dimension Questionnaire and Parenting Stress Index-Short form) and demographic details were used to obtain information. The finding of the result indicates that the mothers’ tend to use more permissive form of parenting in comparison to the fathers. Authoritarian parenting style was used by parents with children having severe form autism spectrum disorder. Parents reported high level of stress when dealing with adolescence children as in comparison with pre- adolescence children and it was also seen that Permissive style ...

Prospective cohort studies of individuals with a baseline diagnosis of major depression show rates of diagnostic conversion to bipolar disorder (BPD) of approximately 10–20% (range: 4.0–48.6%). For more details Abstract:   http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/abstract/our-experts-highlight-the-most-important-research-articles-across-the-spectrum-of-topics-relevant-to-the-field-of-neurop-5935.html PDF Link:  http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/peer-review/our-experts-highlight-the-most-important-research-articles-across-the-spectrum-of-topics-relevant-to-the-field-of-neuropsychiatry-neuropsychiatry.pdf

Author(s):  Jonathan E Alpert As many as 30% of veterans meet lifetime criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The prevalence of PTSD among veterans underscores the importance of elucidating the pathophysiology of PTSD, while also identifying the neural mechanisms related to resilience. PDF Link:  http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/peer-review/our-expert-highlights-the-most-important-research-articles-across-the-spectrum-of-topics-relevant-to-the-field--of-neuropsychiatry-neuropsychiatry.pdf

Objective  The purpose of this randomized, single-center study was to clarify the impact of anesthetic regimens for laparoscopic myomectomy on the release of cytokines (interleukin IL-1β, IL-2R IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, C-reactive protein (CRP) and to ascertain that whether a combination of intravenous and inhalational anesthesia compared with inhalational anesthesia attenuates the inflammatory response and cognitive impairment. Methods  We enrolled 90 patients undergoing laparoscopic myomectomy (LM), and allocated them into three groups of 30 to receive high concentration sevoflurane (S group), low concentration sevoflurane with dexmedetomidine (SD) or with propofol (SP) in combine with remifentanil and cis-atracurium. The lungs were maintained normocapnia with mechanically ventilated. If the mean arterial pressure and the heart rate increased by >30% from baseline, remifentanil infusion was adjusted. The depth of anesthesia was modulated to mainta...

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) causes intermittent nocturnal hypoxemia and is associated with obesity, diabetes, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and hypertension, possibly leading to micro- and macro-vascular disease. OSA has been associated with higher risk of clinical cardiovascular disease (CVD) independent of traditional risk factors and severity of atherosclerosis. Microvascular disease may be a potential mediator for the association of OSA with clinical CVD. However, evidence for the association between OSA and microvascular dysfunction is conflicting. Since the retinal microvasculature is structurally and functionally similar to microvasculature elsewhere in the body and can be directly visualized via ophthalmoscopy, several studies have assessed the relationship of OSA with retinal microvascular characteristics but shown inconsistent results. Notably, the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA) recently revealed that the associations of OSA severity with retinal mic...

Objective:   To observe the clinical efficacy of acupuncture on cognitive impairment after mild traumatic brain injury. Methods:  Patients with cognitive impairment were randomly divided into a control group of 36 cases and 36 cases of acupuncture group. Both groups received donepezil hydrochloride treatment, and the acupuncture group received acupuncture treatment. Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score was used to assess cognitive function before and after 4-week treatment in both groups. Results:  Compared with before treatment, both groups showed increased MoCA score; In addition,TBI patients with acupuncture had more increased MoCA score compared to control group (P <0.05). Conclusion:  Acupuncture can significantly improve cognitive function in patients with mild TBI. For more details Abstract:  http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/abstract/observation-on-therapeutic-effect-of-acupuncture-treatment-on-cognitive-impairment-after-mild-traum...

Three proteins, SCN2A, CHD8 and KATNAL2 stood out as having mutations that are highly linked to a risk of developing autism. However, mutations were also discovered in more than 200 other proteins that may be involved in some way towards the development of ASDs. For more details Abstract:   http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/abstract/new-genes-found-with-a-link-to-autism-6074.html PDF Link:   http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/peer-review/new-genes-found-with-a-link-to-autism-neuropsychiatry.pdf

Stroke is the leading cause of chronic disability. Many people who survive a cerebrovascular accident live with the chronic and disabling consequences. Stroke survivors commonly report a low sense of well-being caused by restricted physical functions and the general psychological sequelae of disability coupled with a variety of specific neuropsychiatric complications. For more details Abstract:  http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/abstract/neuropsychiatry-syndromes-following-ischemic-stroke-7436.html Full Text Link: http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/peer-review/neuropsychiatry-syndromes-following-ischemic-stroke.html PDF Link: http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/peer-review/neuropsychiatry-syndromes-following-ischemic-stroke.pdf

Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is one of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders affecting children and adolescents. In the last decade, our knowledge base of pediatric OCD has increased greatly. In examining pediatric OCD, neuropsychological performance may serve as a bridge between brain functioning and the phenomenology of the disorder. Recent advances in neuropsychological and neuroimaging techniques have led to significant interest in the neurobiological underpinnings of OCD. Although considerable research has been conducted on adults with this disorder, relatively little research has been directed towards similarly afflicted youth. Neurobiological research including lesion, structural and functional imaging studies are reviewed, along with the literature on neuropsychological testing and deficits associated with the disorder. Emphasizing both the neural and cognitive developmental processes within the pediatric population, these findings are examined and critiqued within a...

The clinical phenotypes of cobalamin (Cbl) deficiency is often overlooked in clinical practice as their presentations vary according to the level of involvement between the hematologic and nervous systems. Although the negative impact of Cbl deficiency on cognition has been underpinned, the reported therapeutic responses after Cbl supplement therapy differ. Therefore, we aimed to describe the neurological presentations of patients with Cbl deficiency and investigate the potential biomarkers in predicting therapeutic responses with emphasis on cognitive aspects. For more details Abstract:   http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/abstract/neurological-presentations-and-therapeutic-responses-to-cobalamin-deficiency-11932.html Full Text Link:  http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/peer-review/neurological-presentations-and-therapeutic-responses-to-cobalamin-deficiency-11932.html PDF Link:  http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/peer-review/neurological-presentations-and-therapeutic-re...

Despite profound scientific efforts, the neurobiology of depression is poorly understood and the literature reveals many inconsistencies. Nevertheless, we would like to highlight the most impressive findings regarding genetics, gene expression, epigenetics, neuroanatomy, neurochemistry, neuroendocrinology and the neuroimmunology of depression, possibly directing psychiatric research towards novel antidepressant drug targets. For more details Abstract:   http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/abstract/neurobiology-of-depression-findings-controversies-and-perspectives-5942.html PDF Link : http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/peer-review/neurobiology-of-depression-findings-controversies-and-perspectives-neuropsychiatry.pdf

A United Nations report indicates that there will be an increase in the number of older adults during this century compared with the last century [101]. It is postulated that by 2050, the number of older persons in the world will exceed the number of younger adults for the first time in history. The percentage of older adults in the world will double to almost 21% over the next 40 years. Worldwide, the number of people who are aged 65 years and older will increase from 500 million to 1.5 billion over the next three decades. For more details Abstract:   http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/abstract/multidisciplinary-teams-in-the-continuum-of-care-for-older-adults-with-mental-illnesses-6223.html PDF Link:  http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/peer-review/multidisciplinary-teams-in-the-continuum-of-care-for-older-adults-with-mental-illnesses-neuropsychiatry.pdf

Psychopathy is a serious condition comprising affective and interpersonal deficits, as well as potentially harmful behaviors. Nevertheless, it is also the subject of numerous myths and misconceptions, spanning etiology, assessment, treatment and even its very definition. These misunderstandings are prevalent among both laypersons and professionals, and propagate misguided attitudes toward individuals with this disorder. This article addresses seven major areas of misunderstanding regarding psychopathy and more specific mistaken beliefs within each domain. It also provides scientific evidence that reflects an up-to-date understanding of this condition with the aim of fostering more effective and evidence-based practice and treatment. For more details Abstract :  http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/abstract/misconceptions-regarding-psychopathic-personality-implications-for-clinical-practice-and-research-6158.html PDF Link : http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/peer-review/misco...

Emerging evidence indicates that the kynurenine pathway (KP) contributes to neurodegenerative diseases associated with glial activation. Interferon (IFN)-γ is a potent activator of indole-2,3-dioxygenase, the first and rate-limiting enzyme of the KP. Our previous studies have shown that adult human astrocytes become neurotoxic when activated by IFN-γ. We now used high performance liquid chromatographymass spectrometry in both the positive- and negative- ionization mode of electrospray interface, to examine whether the IFN-γ-activated adult human astrocytes secrete neurotoxic KP metabolites, such as quinolinic acid (QUIN), 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK) and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HAA). Kynurenine was detected in cell culture supernatants of IFN-γ-stimulated astrocytes, but not in supernatants of unstimulated astrocytes. On the other hand, QUIN, 3-HK and 3-HAA were not detected in samples from either IFN-γ- stimulated or unstimulated cells. These results indicate that the KP may not b...

Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) and psychogenic symptoms in general are common. However they may be termed or classified, they constitute an important part of psychiatry and psychology. The largest professional mental health organizations (American Psychiatric Association and American Psychological Association [APAs]) both have abundant patient education material, but curiously have no information on this entire category of disorders. It is surprising that, with so many members for so many years, this ‘omission’ seems to have gone unnoticed. For more details Abstract :  http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/abstract/mental-health-organizations-and-the-ostrich-policy-6154.html PDF Link:  http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/peer-review/mental-health-organizations-and-the-ostrich-policy-neuropsychiatry.pdf

Objective: To clarify the moderating and mediating effects of different types of life events on the relationships between personality traits and adolescent’s behavioral problems among 354 high school students in Taiwan. Methods: A school-based two-wave panel study was administered to 354 high school students. Sobel test was used to examine the complicated roles of life events in the relationships between personality and behavioral problems during adolescence. Results: The results showed that detrimental effects of high neuroticism traits on internalizing problems can be buffered by positive independent life events and moderated by positive dependent events. Additionally, behavioral problems occurred only through negative dependent life events generated by high levels of neuroticism among depressed adolescents. For more details Abstract:  http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/abstract/mediational-effects-of-life-events-on-the-relationship-between-personality-and-beha...

Anxiety is a frequent and impairing problem among children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The current review discusses the phenomenology and presentation of comorbid anxiety and ASD symptomology, identifies and evaluates the evidence base of current treatment approaches for managing anxiety among the pediatric ASD population, and provides recommendations for future research to better understand and address anxiety comorbidity. For more details Abstract :  http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/abstract/managing-anxiety-comorbidity-in-youth-with-autism-spectrum-disorders-6204.html PDF Link:  http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/peer-review/managing-anxiety-comorbidity-in-youth-with-autism-spectrum-disorders-neuropsychiatry.pdf  

The Mahalanobis–Taguchi System (MTS) is a diagnostic and forecasting technique for multivariate data. MTS does not involve direct learning from a training set, but it settles a classifier by constructing a continuous measurement scale. The construction of an MTS model would not be influenced by data distribution, which is a good property for solving class imbalance problem. This paper elucidates the significance of MTS and demonstrates its application in several medical and healthcare case studies. For more details Abstract:   http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/abstract/mahalanobistaguchi-system-and-its-medical-applications-11968.html Full Text Link:  http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/peer-review/mahalanobistaguchi-system-and-its-medical-applications.html PDF Link : http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/peer-review/mahalanobistaguchi-system-and-its-medical-applications.pdf

The purpose of this landmark study was to address the lack of long-term data relating to the effectiveness of antidepressant treatment, in order to accurately understand the progression of the disease throughout therapy.  For more details Abstract:  http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/abstract/largescale-study-suggests-antidepressants-do-not-improve-all-aspects-of-depression-5945.html PDF Link: http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/peer-review/largescale-study-suggests-antidepressants-do-not-improve-all-aspects-of-depression-neuropsychiatry.pdf

In the last years, several epidemiological evidence indicates that genetic factors could play a significant role in the etiology of spontaneous preterm delivery (PTD), defined as delivery occurring before 37 weeks of gestation. For more details  http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/abstract/joint-hyperlaxity-and-preterm-delivery-a-possible-genetic-correlation-12010.html Full text Link: http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/peer-review/joint-hyperlaxity-and-preterm-delivery-a-possible-genetic-correlation.html PDF Link: http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/peer-review/joint-hyperlaxity-and-preterm-delivery-a-possible-genetic-correlation.pdf

Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) is still a relatively new, standalone treatment for the prevention of relapse in depression. Combining about equal parts of mindfulness (Vipassana) meditation and cognitive behavioral principles, the treatment is 8 weeks of 2 h sessions for a group of remitted participants that can range in size (8–15 would be typical). For more details Abstract:  http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/abstract/is-it-medication-versus-mindfulness-in-prevention-of-depression-relapse-5937.html PDF Link: http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/peer-review/is-it-medication-versus-mindfulness-in-prevention-of-depression-relapse-neuropsychiatry.pdf

Fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) is a type of gut-derived postprandial hormone. FGF19 plays a key role in coordinating liver bile acid biosynthesis and gallbladder motility and acts as a regulator of metabolic homeostasis, including strengthening insulin sensitivity, decreasing triglyceride concentrations, and reducing body weight. In the present study, we investigated the presence of FGF19 in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and investigated relationships with a cluster of characteristic emotions and behaviors. Eighty-three male subjects were recruited and participated in the study. The levels of CSF FGF19 were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and FGF19 levels showed considerable interindividual variations, ranging from 80.54 to 1479.78 pg/ml. Pearson correlation analysis revealed no correlation between CSF FGF19 levels and age or Body Mass Index. Significant correlations were found between CSF FGF19 levels and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores, Suicide Attitude Qu...

The benefit of psychotropic medication in the treatment of psychotic disorders depends on patients taking the medication as prescribed. Medication nonadherence is high among individuals with psychotic disorders, leading to substantial disability, relapse and health care costs. The current article reviews the efficacy of interventions to improve adherence with oral medications among individuals with psychotic disorders, paying special attention to the quality of adherence measurement used in the studies. As in previous reviews, most of the 43 studies included in this review used subjective measurement of adherence. Across studies, findings suggest that interventions that do not specifically target medication adherence are unlikely to improve this domain, even if they are delivered in high dosage, such as in case management models.  For more details Abstract:   http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/abstract/interventions-to-improve-oral-medication-adherence-in-psychosis-the-rol...

Objective:  This study examined the interrater reliability of manually performed arm position and motion matching tests in healthy older adults. Methods:  16 healthy older adults were required to perform 2 tasks (position matching and motion matching) with both arms for 4 target angles with 3 repetitions for each. 4 occupational therapists were recruited to rate the participants’ performance by viewing recorded digital images. For more details Abstract:  http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/abstract/interrater-reliability-of-clinically-performed-manual-arm-position-and-motion-matching-test-11964.html Full Text Link:  http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/peer-review/interrater-reliability-of-clinically-performed-manual-arm-position-and-motion-matching-test.html PDF Link:  http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/peer-review/interrater-reliability-of-clinically-performed-manual-arm-position-and-motion-matching-test.pdf

Objective:  Religion is a social determinant that is positively associated with cognitive function. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the link between religion and cognitive function; however, no studies have yet examined the interactions between religion and risk genes. The current study sought to examine the effects of religiosity on cognitive functioning in a large Chinese sample. Method A total of 2,410 community residents aged 55 years and older were recruited from the Ningxia province of China. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene polymorphisms were detected using the high-resolution melting curve method. The Mini-Mental State Exam and Duke University Religion Index were administered to assess cognitive function and religiosity. The logistic regression model was used to examine the relationships. For more details Abstract:  http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/abstract/interactions-between-apolipoprotein-e-genes-and-religiosity-in-relation-to-mild-cognitive-i...

There was a particular poignancy and tragedy associated with schizophrenia that involved children growing up, maturing during adolescence … and then all of a sudden becoming afflicted with this disturbance in their mental functioning. For more details Abstract:  http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/abstract/in-search-of-the-pathophysiology-and-prevention-of-schizophrenia-5944.html PDF Link:  http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/peer-review/in-search-of-the-pathophysiology-and-prevention-of-schizophrenia-neuropsychiatry.pdf

The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between Attention deficit hyperactive symptoms and temperament and character profiles among preschool-age children. Total 694 preschool age children (mean age=5.7±0.45) were recruited for the study. The preschool Temperament and Character Inventory (psTCI) and DuPaul ADHD rating scale (K-ARS) were applied to evaluate the children. Statistical analysis was done to explore the association between psTCI profiles and ADHD symptom domains. The total ARS score was positively correlated with novelty seeking and harm avoidance. Inattention symptom domain was positively correlated both with novelty seeking and harm avoidance, whereas hyperactive symptom domain was only correlated with novelty seeking. Novelty seeking might be a universal genetic background for ADHD, and the level of harm avoidance could potentially be used to classify subtypes of ADHD. For more details Abstract:   http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/abstract/in...

Background:  Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) has an important role in mood disorders. This study aims to investigate whether serum NOx levels are associated with bipolar disorder, manic episodes (BD-ME) and major depressive disorder, depressive episodes (MDD-DE), and to evaluate the impact of treatments on NOx levels and symptoms severity in BD-ME and MDD-DE patients. Methods:  We enrolled 20 patients with BD-ME, 18 with MDD-DE, and 80 healthy subjects. Serum NOx levels were measured with assay kits. Symptom severity was evaluated using the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) for BD-ME and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) for MDDDE. We collected and analyzed patients’ NOx, YMRS, and HAM-D data while pre-treatment (admission) and post-treatment (discharge). For more details Abstract:  http:// www.jneuropsychiatry.org/abstract/increased-levels-of-serum-nitrogen-oxides-are-indicators-of-posttreatment-response-in-mood-disorder-patients-with-acute--11796.html PDF Lin...

Background:  To investigate the association between low-income and alcohol use disorders (AUD) among different age and gender groups. Methods and Findings:  Data were collected from the national health insurance research database. Participants were divided into 0-17, 18-44, 45-64, and ≥65 age groups. AUD was assessed based on the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM). Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were made based on gender, age, and low-income. AUDs were more common in the 18-64 age categories of low-income individuals, that is, 2.32% in men aged 45-64 and 0.65% in women aged 18-44. The hazard ratios (HRs) and attributable risk percent (AR%) of AUD were higher in women than men except for the 0-17 age group. The HRs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were 4.76 (2.34-9.67), 2.66 (2.14-3.30), 3.50 (2.50-4.90), 1.50 (0.55-4.06) in men, and 3.23 (1.35-7.69), 4.10 (2.95-5.70), 8.49 (4.08-17.69), and 17.18 (4.66-6...

Purpose:  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a sleep disorder characterized by repeated nocturnal desaturation and sleep fragmentation. OSA can result in decreased daytime alertness and neurocognitive dysfunction. Although continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) has been shown to improve daytime sleepiness in patients with OSA, the effect of CPAP on cognitive function is still controversial. For more details Abstract:   http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/abstract/improvements-in-cognitive-function-after-continuous-positive-airway-pressure-treatment-for-obstructive-sleep-apnea-syndr-12202.html Full text link:  http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/peer-review/improvements-in-cognitive-function-after-continuous-positive-airway-pressure-treatment-for-obstructive-sleep-apnea-syndrome-12202.html PDF Link:   http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/peer-review/improvements-in-cognitive-function-after-continuous-positive-airway-pressure-treatment-for-obstructive-sleep-apnea-synd...

Aim:  The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) are major subdivisions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) involved in Theory of Mind (ToM) and behavioral selfawareness. Lesions of the OFC (Brodmann Area; 10,11,12,47) are associated with impairment in affective-ToM. Damage to dmPFC (Brodmann area: 8,9,10,24 and 32) is associated with the cognitive aspects of self-reference, including a consistent view of one’s own behavior. Method:  we compared three dmPFC damaged patients (Brodmann Area; 8, 9, 10) with four OFC (Brodmann Area; 10, 11, 12) damaged patients, and compared them to a control group (N=22) on affective- ToM and behavioral self-awareness. Of the 20 patients in the pre-selection, only 7 patients had a lesion in a single sector of the PFC lesions. We measured behavioralawareness with the Frontal System Behavioral Scale (FrSBe) subscales. Neuropsychological tests, including social cognitive tests and questionnaires were administered to pati...

Children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have deficits in working memory (WM) and in hot executive functions (EFs) that may be related. The main aim of this study was to analyze the efficacy of computerized Cogmed Working Memory Training ™  (CWMT) on hot EF decision-making and theory of mind (ToM). Correlational analyses between WM and hot EFs at baseline were also performed to better clarify the nature of this interrelationship. Methods 66 children with combined-type ADHD, aged 7 to 12 years, were included. Participants were randomized (1:1) to an experimental group (CWMT) (n=36) or a control group (non-adaptive training). At baseline, 1-2 weeks, and 6 months after the intervention, participants were assessed using performance-based measures of WM (backward digit span, letter-number sequencing of WISC-IV, and backward spatial span of WMS-III), decision-making (Iowa Gambling Task), and ToM (Happé’s Strange Stories and Folk Psychology Test). For ...